Posts Tagged ‘Montana’

Yellowstone River Oil Spill- Redeux

Tuesday, August 23rd, 2011

Well, you may have noticed that I have not said anything about the Yellowstone River Oil Spill since our original entry. Yet, in truth, we have been busily working on the project in-house.  The experience has not been all-together positive; quite the contrary. This entry deals with how the public loses because of bureaucracy; bureaucracy of the corporate breed, not the  governmental red tape I’d expected.

After the oil spill, we contacted Montana Department of Environmental Quality (MT DEQ) for information, they put us in contact with Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks, who deferred us to ExxonMoble’s contact, who put us in touch with a consultant. We discussed my qualifications and my previous work and he reckoned they could use me and my team for the aquatic insect assessments to describe the impact and the recovery of the Yellowstone ecosystem. He sent me an email about once a week to say, they were still trying to bring us on board. After several weeks, he said I better get an OSHA hazardous materials certification and that there was no way around the requirement if I want to work on the Yellowstone River. Several hundred dollars and 3 working-days later (per trainee), we completed the certification.  I informed the contact that we had completed OSHA training as required and didn’t hear back from him for over a week. He said, sorry, “Sorry don’t think its going to work out.” I wrote him a scathing letter; which he apparently passes along to ARCADIS (Exxon’s Primary firm for everything), the next thing I know, I received an 158-page listing of ExxonMoble’s contracting requirements and several 6-9 page contract specifics and insurance requirements.   Again, these were corporate regulations, not governmental regulations.  I had my insurance agent looking into the extra coverages required and it was apparent that it was going to be very costly to bring our $2-million insurance coverage up to the “required” $9-million; just to collect insects by the riverside.

We were working on finalizing their insurance needs when I recieved the following note (today).

“Brett,
It looks like the clock has run out. We have had to mobilize a small field effort to obtain representative macroinvertebrate samples from the spill area. We needed to get out there before fall influenced the life stages we are sampling. Apologies to you if I was in any way misleading regarding your potential role, but we simply did not comprehend the bureaucratic log jams we ran into. Best of luck in the future.”

Ok. So, I am a little embarrassed by my trusting nature and the way I let the corporate dudes string me along.  And, I have always been critical of critics, even when I am the critic.  It is easy to criticize a process or organization, but unless you offer a viable alternative, it amounts to nothing but whining.  My way of dealing with this is to turn it in to something positive.

I reckon that, in preparation for this project it has cost me time, materials, and training fees, totaling nearly $7,300. Interesting that for just another 3o hours of my staff’s time, vehicle costs, and motel lodging, we can collect the samples in a scientifically relevant way.  Therefore, I am proud to announce that we are initiating the Yellowstone Biological Assessment Project, independently, as a community service. There will be laboratory time as well, but hey, that’s what winter nights are for, right…. (?)

If we do not ante up, and get this done right, there will be lots of paper pushed, but the world will be no closer to understanding the impacts of Exxon’s Oil spill on the Yellowstone River ecosystem. Our survey will not be able to cover everything, but it will provide more information than either the state, or Exxon will gather.

We will be sampling this week.   I’ll keep you posted. Full-speed ahead!

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Biological Monitoring Covariates

Thursday, August 5th, 2010

When monitoring environmental impacts of anthropogenic activities, it is useful to collect ancillary data to use as covariates. These variables can help account for natural variation in the communities studies, which helps prevent their confounding of observations. In our work with benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages, we always collect flow measures for this purpose (near-substrate flow measures can account for much of the variation in simple benthic communities (e.g., Hart & Finelli 1999). With a sufficiently rigorous sampling design, the effects of flow on the community can be “teased” out of the analysis, so that the effects of anthropogenic stressors on benthic communities changes can be more accurately assessed–assuming, of course, that flow is not part of the anthropogenic impact in the study area.

Moss, macrophytes, and filamentous algae can also alter the abundance of certain types of macroinvertebrates. Moss, is not palatable to most macroinvertebrates because of the presence of protective chemicals. However, it does offer refuge from the sheer-forces of fast water. It also traps detritus (food), and can increase the amount of surface area available for colonization. Thus the presence of moss can have a strong influence on the structure of macroinvertebrate assembleges sampled in an assessment. When we want to account for this variation, we have found that the simplest (and effective) way, is to take a known amount of alcohol from the preserved samples and rank their Greenness. The Rank can be a very useful covariate when the data are analyzed. Other important covariates usually include a particle index, velocity, and depth.

The assumption is that the “Greenness” of the sample’s preservative is proportional to the amount of material soaking in alcohol for a given amount of time.  Thus, more greenness indicates there is more living plant material collected in the sample. Samples of similar greenness were probably influenced by living plants similarly, whereas the community composition of a very pale sample was probably influenced less by plant material than a sample with deep green preservative.

There are other nuances as well. For example, periphyton may cause a different kind of green tint to preservative than moss does–and it is likely to have a different influence on the benthic assemblage. Fortunately, for our purposes, moss seems to have much stronger effect on the sample’s color than periphyton. Also, you need to ensure that all samples are preserved with the same type and strength of preservative (95% ethanol, or 90% Isopropanol, or 90% denatured ethanol, not some of all three). Samples preserved in formalin would need to be transferred to alcohol before analysis–and even then should not be compared with samples preserved only with ethanol because of formalin’s ability to “fix” pigments.

Wyoming Educational Benthic Macroinvertebrate Project

Thursday, July 1st, 2010

Aquatic insect Images from Montana and Wyoming; if you like this sort of thing let me know.



I just have time for a quick post today.

A few years ago, I prepared a collection of about 400 aquatic insect pictures to be used in by educators. Lisa Shaw, of Niobrara Conservation District, was essential in attaining funding from the Wyoming Association of Conservation Districts. The project had huge ideals: We were going have all the conservation districts send in aquatic insect specimens from all over the state of Wyoming. The idea was to have educational field trips and send in as may different bugs as possible. Some districts did just that. Some sent one person out on a solo mission, and others sent in jars or unsorted detritus (which all contained bugs).

The project was more work than expected, and my employer (at the time) withdrew support of the project, pressuring me to work on it on weekends and evenings.  Regardless, we managed to develop an impressive set of images  of the finer characteristics of aquatic insects that much of the general public never would never see otherwise. It included  whole-bug context pictures and close-ups of interesting parts… eyes, mouth-parts, gills, etc…

I would hate to have this resource fade way. I’ll post some pictures from it here from time to time.  If you are interested in attaining a copy of the document, post a comment here so I can gauge community interest in these wonderful aquatic insect pictures.

I found this Dytiscus predaceous diving beetle during my wedding–with the eager help of my nephew and brother in-law… um… from my wife… um… not so much.

~Jefferson River Montana~

Friday, June 25th, 2010

The Jefferson River Flooded last weekend. All the hay fields in the area were flooded and roads that have not been submerged in recent history became gentle rivulets. The High water is good for the Jefferson River because it has had many years of below average flows–and fine sediments have built up among the interstitial spaces were many invertebrates that are important fish forage live.

When Snorkeling in recent years, I have found that if you pick up a cobble, there is beneath it only sand. Typically, you might expect to find more cobbles under cobbles. Among the sand grains are the burrows of several sediment dwelling invertebrates (e.g., Hexagenia and Ephoron sp.). According to locals, the river once supported impressive hatches of large stoneflies (Hesperoperla pacifica, Pteronarcys sp. etc).

When sediment fills in the the area under the stones, much of the habitat used buy large stone flies is lost because the interstitial spaces are simply too small for them to pass through. This results in smaller populations (of large invertebrates), and ultimately smaller hatches. It may also reduce the forage available for fish. For example, it appears that sedimentation of the Jefferson River may have caused Burrowing dragonflies (Gomphidae) to replace many of the large predatory stoneflies typically expected. We sampled the Jefferson River several years ago and found about 2-3 gomphid dragonflies per square foot and about 0.3 large stoneflies in the same area–the dragonflies were nearly 10x times as abundant as the stoneflies.  We are hopeful  that high river levels will scour sand from interstitial spaces and improve survival of stoneflies. This could result in an improvement in fishing a few years down the road…

Aside from benefiting river ecology, another effect of the flood is that pools and back waters that have not been flooded for years have now been nicely inundated for a week or more. Mosquito eggs can remain dormant for several years–until they become wet.  We found hundreds of thousands of mature mosquito larvae and pupae among the grassy ditches and fields last weekend. There were so many larvae, that in just a few minutes we observed hundreds of larvae washing across the road in shallow riffles (picture below).  By this weekend or early next week the Jefferson Valley will likely be swarmed by endless squadrons mosquitoes… and it has been such a nice spring.  If you can tolerate the bites and buzzing it might be a nice weekend to try mosquito-mimic flies… and if you have a friend who owns a hay field… maybe see if you can get permission to fish it!

mosquitoes float across the road